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Verkle Trees for Statelessness

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Verkle Trees = Vector Commitments + Merkle Trees

Contents

Site maintained by @rudolf6, @ignaciohagopian, and @gballet (ping with any questions)

Last updated: Jan 30, 2025

1  Introduction

💬 Join the Eth R&D discord server for discussion (#verkle-trie-migration channel)

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Tl;dr: Verkle Trees and statelessness bring many benefits to Ethereum
  • Smaller proof sizes allow proofs to be passed over the network, which will unlock many new types of functionality in addition to stateless clients
  • Lower hardware requirements to run a node, which improves decentralization
  • New nodes can join the network right away with faster sync
  • Potential scaling benefits in that it could allow for higher gas limits
  • More compatible with a zk-EVM future
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What are Verkle Trees?
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Why?
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How?
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Want to help?
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What’s up with the elephant?

This is the latest and most up-to-date talk about Verkle Trees:

EthCC 2023

You can also see the Verkle Trees 101 presentation given for the Ethereum Protocol Fellowship Study Group:

2  FAQ

Updated: December 11, 2024

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Why does Verkle require gas cost changes?
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Could these gas cost changes break some fundamental assumptions for dapps/L2s/etc?
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What are stateless clients?
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When will Verkle Trees be available on mainnet?
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Regarding the Overlay Tree migration, how many key-values are migrated per block?

3 Dashboard

Updated: Jan 30, 2025

All progress is shared in the Stateless Implementers Call, which anyone can join.

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Open questions

Completed tasks

4  Testnets

Updated: Apr 08, 2024

Kaustinen

icon
https://kaustinen-testnet.ethpandaops.io/
  • Updated EIP-4762 implementations
  • Updated EIP-2935 with a ring buffer of size 8192

See the following tutorial to know how to join the testnet.

5  Resources

Updated: Apr 04, 2024

📊 Latest Verkle Metrics 📊

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Bringing Verkle into Ethereum involves many changes in the protocol:

  • A new data structure to save the state of the network
  • A new gas accounting model
  • A strategy to migrate the existing state from the MPT to the VKT
  • A new set of cryptography primitives
  • New fields at the block level

EIPs/Specs/Related Docs

📘 Learn More

Videos

Writeups

6  Client Implementations

Updated: December 11, 2024

Updates shared in Verkle Implementers Calls…

Latest summary here

Cryptography and other

EL Status

Client
Implementation
Testnet
Besu
WIP
🔧 In progress
Erigon
WIP
EthJS
WIP
✅ Kaustinen
Geth
WIP
✅ Kaustinen
Nethermind
WIP
✅ Kaustinen
Nimbus
WIP
Reth
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CL Status

Client
Implementation
Testnet
Lighthouse
WIP
✅ Kaustinen
Lodestar
WIP
✅ Kaustinen
Nimbus
WIP
🔧 In progress
Prysm
—
Teku
WIP
✅ Kaustinen
💻Client Updates (old)
🌡️Verkle measurements