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Verkle Trees = Vector Commitments + Merkle Trees

Contents

1 Introduction
2 FAQ
3 Dashboard
Open questions
4 Testnets
5 Resources
📊 Latest Verkle Metrics 📊
EIPs/Specs/Related Docs
6 Client Implementations
Updates shared in Verkle Implementers Calls…
Latest summary here
Cryptography and other
Execution Layer
Consensus Layer

Site maintained by @rudolf6, @ignaciohagopian, and @gballet (ping with any questions)

Last updated: Jan 30, 2025

`1` Introduction

💬 Join the Eth R&D discord server for discussion (#verkle-trie-migration channel)

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Tl;dr: Verkle Trees and statelessness bring many benefits to Ethereum

Smaller proof sizes allow proofs to be passed over the network, which will unlock many new types of functionality in addition to stateless clients
Lower hardware requirements to run a node, which improves decentralization
New nodes can join the network right away with faster sync
Potential scaling benefits in that it could allow for higher gas limits
More compatible with a zk-EVM future

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What are Verkle Trees?

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Why?

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How?

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Want to help?

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What’s up with the elephant?

This is the latest and most up-to-date talk about Verkle Trees:

EthCC 2023

You can also see the Verkle Trees 101 presentation given for the Ethereum Protocol Fellowship Study Group:

`2` FAQ

Updated: December 11, 2024

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Why does Verkle require gas cost changes?

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Could these gas cost changes break some fundamental assumptions for dapps/L2s/etc?

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What are stateless clients?

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When will Verkle Trees be available on mainnet?

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Regarding the Overlay Tree migration, how many key-values are migrated per block?

`3` Dashboard

Updated: Jan 30, 2025

All progress is shared in the Stateless Implementers Call, which anyone can join.

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Open questions

Completed tasks

`4` Testnets

Updated: Apr 08, 2024

Kaustinen

https://kaustinen-testnet.ethpandaops.io/

Updated EIP-4762 implementations
Updated EIP-2935 with a ring buffer of size 8192

See the following tutorial to know how to join the testnet.

`5` Resources

Updated: Apr 04, 2024

📊 Latest Verkle Metrics 📊

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Bringing Verkle into Ethereum involves many changes in the protocol:

A new data structure to save the state of the network
A new gas accounting model
A strategy to migrate the existing state from the MPT to the VKT
A new set of cryptography primitives
New fields at the block level

EIPs/Specs/Related Docs

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EIPs:

Spec PRs:

The Verge consensus spec (draft PR)

Transition:

Migration Strategies

Archive and other related docs:

Overview

📘 Learn More

Videos

Writeups

`6` Client Implementations

Updated: December 11, 2024

Updates shared in Verkle Implementers Calls…

Latest summary here

Cryptography and other

Rust (rust-ipa)
Go (go-ipa)
Nim
C#
python ref
rust-verkle

rust analogue to go-ethereum, but not currently used by any clients

Execution Layer

Geth

Nethermind

Stateless client experiment
Rust Wrapper (old)

Besu

EthJS

Nimbus

Verkle tree implementation

Erigon

Consensus Layer

Lighthouse

Lodestar

Prysm, Teku, Nimbus

EL Status

Client	Implementation	Testnet
Besu	WIP	🔧 In progress
Erigon	WIP
EthJS	WIP	✅ Kaustinen
Geth	WIP	✅ Kaustinen
Nethermind	WIP	✅ Kaustinen
Nimbus	WIP
Reth	—

CL Status

Client	Implementation	Testnet
Lighthouse	WIP	✅ Kaustinen
Lodestar	WIP	✅ Kaustinen
Nimbus	WIP	🔧 In progress
Prysm	—
Teku	WIP	✅ Kaustinen

💻Client Updates (old)

🌡️Verkle measurements

Verkle Trees for Statelessness

1 Introduction

2 FAQ

3 Dashboard